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You are raising more than one issue that is worthy of discussion. First, it is important to know whether you truly had an ectopic pregnancy or was it a nonviable pregnancy of undetermined location. Years ago we used to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy by doing laparoscopy in seeing the pregnancy in the fallopian tube. Today, patients may be treated with methotrexate if we do not find the pregnancy in the uterine cavity and the hCG level does not fall. Some of these pregnancies are not ectopic pregnancies. The pregnancy might be in the uterus and we miss it with the D&C. If you have an ectopic pregnancy then you may have tubal disease and it may be important to evaluate your tubes with an HSG.
Second, it is important to understand some basic principles about ovulation (i.e. releasing eggs). If you are not having regular predictable spontaneous menstrual periods without Provera then you are probably not ovulating, at least not on a regular basis. Your ovaries make estrogen during the first half of your menstrual cycle and they make estrogen and progesterone during the second half of your menstrual cycle (after you ovulate). If you are stuck in the first half of your menstrual cycle, i.e. not ovulating, then a menstrual period can be induced by simulating the second half of your menstrual cycle. This involves giving you the hormone that your ovaries are not making (Provera). It would be helpful for you to see your gynecologist again and talk about hormonal reasons that you might not be cycling and medications that may help you begin having regular predictable cycles again. The best news is that you are only 31 years old. As fertility specialists, we can correct many fertility problems but we can't (yet) make women younger. Good luck!
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#1 You can undergo an extensive evaluation and plan treatment that addresses all of the potential issues that are identified.
#2 You can make some assumptions about the most likely cause of your problem and initiate therapy without a complete evaluation. This would require you to have a trusting relationship with a healthcare provider who understand your situation.
What you are describing is most consistent with what the World Health Organization calls a type II ovulation disorder. Many doctors and patients refer to it as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. A more informative way of describing it may be functional female hyperandrogenism resulting in estrogenic ovulatory dysfunction. This is a fancy way of saying that you have a hormone imbalance involving testosterone and estrogen. Approximately 5% of the adult female population has some symptoms of this disorder making it the most common endocrine problem that women have. Normally women's ovaries secrete estrogen for approximately 2 weeks followed by estrogen progesterone for approximately 2 weeks. Women with this problem often get stuck in the first half of their menstrual cycles and secrete estrogen continuously. Estrogen is a hormone that causes the uterine lining to grow. Over a period of approximately 10 years this unopposed growth can lead to the development of uterine cancer , which you describe. This is often a fairly treatable cancer using high-dose progesterone under the care of a gynecologic oncologist if a woman wants to conceive.
In the absence of cancer, this progesterone-deficiency disorder can be treated with birth control pills, other progestins or ovulation induction to help your body naturally produce progesterone. This latter therapy would increase the chances that you would be able to conceive. There are a number of relatively inexpensive oral medications that can be used to try to induce ovulation if this diagnosis is correct.
Three medications that are commonly used for this purpose are clomiphene citrate, tamoxifen and letrozole. I would recommend that you develop a relationship with a healthcare provider that understand your personal circumstances and is willing to work with you within your resources.
Good luck!
Dr. WalmerView Thread


Identical twins provide a natural experiment to give us some insights into this question. Identical twins share the same DNA but develop into completely unique individuals. Why? One reason is that we do not express all of our genes. Some genes are turned on and some are turned off. This process is dynamic and appears to start shortly after fertilization and continues through our adult lives. In a sense, our environment influences expression of our genes. This is called epigenetics. Some environmental exposures increase our risk of developing cancer and others may lower our risk of developing heart disease.
This is an exciting area of research because it may be possible in the not-too-distant future to individually tailor medical therapies to individuals based on their known genetic code.
For couples who contemplate using eggs from donors, it may also be reassuring to know that the maternal environment may influence the development of their unborn children.
I'm not sure what sparked this question, but it certainly gives us an opportunity to discuss some interesting ideas. Looking forward to see what follows.View Thread


Good luck.View Thread

It is hard to give you accurate statistics because the rate of decline in fertility varies a lot from woman to woman and we lost the ability to observe your fertility potential when you had your tubes tied. You are at a higher risk of miscarriage now than when you were younger and you are at a higher risk of an ectopic than before you had your tubes ligated. However, your ovarian reserve sounds like it is hanging in there. If you're OK with a little risk and are in the hands of a health care provider that you trust, I think that I would remain hopeful at this point. If you want to maximize your chances of success and have the resources, I would probably try on your own or with some gentle ovulation induction for 3-6 months and then jump to IVF if that doesn't work and you are getting frustrated. IVF can maximize your fertility without significantly increasing your risk of multiples. If you have the resources, IVF centers are increasingly acquiring the ability to examine the genetics of blastocysts (day 5-6 embryos), which allows couples to transfer embryos that are chromosomally normal (46xx or 46xy). This is expensive but it almost eliminates the effects of age on fertility following an embryo transfer based on data presented recently at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine meeting in San Diego. Good luck.View Thread

I think that your plan is very sound. It is a little harder to counsel couples who elected to give up their childbearing. We believe that all women have an age-related decline in fertility but the rate of decline probably varies a lot. The patients that come to see us are more likely to be on a steeper slope and patients who show up in the obstetricians office are more likely to be on a more gradual slope. When you stop trying to conceive, we lose the ability to observe your fertility potential. If you really want to have a child together and have the resources, I would recommend trying for a few months (3-6) and then going straight to IVF. IVF gives you the ability to maximize your fertility and minimize the risk of a multiple pregnancy. It is true that your risk of an ectopic is a little higher after a tubal reversal but most pregnancies will end up in the uterus after a successful tubal reversal. If you invested in the surgery, it is worth giving it a shot for at least a few months. Good luck!View Thread

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